Key Features   ( Top )

• Cantilever walls

• Anchored walls

• Strutted excavations

• Sheet pile walls

• RC Diaphragm walls

• Factor of Safety calculation in accordance with
  Eurocode 7 and BS 8002

• Bending moments and wall displacements calculated by finite element analysis

• Construction sequence and Berm excavation modelled

• Soil arching and Soil-wall gap modelled

• Non-linear elastic/plastic soil model

• Hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic water pressures. Automatic water pressure balancing option
• Uniform or variable surcharges applied at or below ground level
• Structural loads applied to the wall
• Fully automatic calculation of earth pressures
• Simple data input with interactive Help
• Hot Keys for instant Help, Error reporting, Data plot and Summary output
• Free choice of units
• Graphical output of data and results
• Fully documented

WALLAP is a powerful, fast and user-friendly program for analysing the stability of cantilevered and propped retaining walls. WALLAP is suitable for the analysis of both temporary works, such as sheet pile walls, and permanent works such as reinforced concrete diaphragm walls and contiguous bored pile walls.

Factors of safety are computed according to standard codes of practice while wall displacements and bending moments are calculated by a finite element analysis which models the actual sequence of construction of the wall. Earth pressures are calculated automatically from basic soil properties.

The strata profile consists of up to 40 soil types with hydrostatic or non-linear water pressure distributions. Surcharges may be applied and removed while struts and anchors may be installed and removed. The program is menu driven with context sensitive Help and on-line access to the comprehensive User Manual giving detailed guidance on data input and interpretation of results.

Methods of Analysis   ( Top )

WALLAP offers two separate types of analysis within the one program:
Limit Equilibrium Analysis
Calculation of Factors of Safety according to one of the following methods:

• Subgrade reaction analysis (for routine design)

• 2-D Finite element analysis (for a more rigorous approach)

Modelling the Construction Sequence   ( Top )

The following types of construction activity may be specified and combined in any order so as to model the construction sequence:

• Excavate (including berms)

• Fill

• Change water pressures

• Install and remove struts or anchors

• Apply and remove surcharges

• Apply loads to the wall

• Apply rotational restraints to the wall

• Change soil properties

• Change wall stiffness

Soil Properties   ( Top )

A maximum of 40 different soil types can be defined including:

• Linear variations of cohesion and modulus with depth.

• Arching active behaviour

• Simple non-linear elastic soil model

Struts and Anchors   ( Top )

Struts or anchors can be installed at up to 40 levels and may be pre-stressed. Struts can also be removed after installation.

Water Pressures   ( Top )

Hydrostatic or non-hydrostatic Water Pressure Profiles may be defined on both sides of the wall, to model a variety of complex conditions including:

Surcharges   ( Top )

Surcharges can be applied at or below ground level on the active or passive side of the wall. All surcharges are defined over a rectangular loaded area. Ramp surcharges can be defined i.e. Surcharge magnitude may vary linearly with distance from the wall.

Loads and Restraints   ( Top )

Data Input and Editing   ( Top )

Data entry is menu driven. Data values are checked for permissible ranges. A list of data Errors and Warnings is displayed if unacceptable or inappropriate data combinations are detected. Data can be checked visually at any time during data entry or editing.
Units
Data may be entered in any consistent set of units e.g. (kN,m), (lb,feet). All print-out from the program is automatically annotated in the appropriate units.

Output from the Program   ( Top )

Output from the program consists of the following:

• Listing of input data

• Output at selected stages of:
  - Factors of safety
  - Bending moments and shear forces
  - Wall pressures
  - Displacements
  - Strut/anchor forces

• Summary output of:
  - Factors of Safety at each stage
  - Strut forces at each stage
  - Maximum/minimum bending moment and displacement at each stage
  - Cumulative bending moment and shear force envelopes
  - Cumulative displacement envelope

• Output to an Excel spreadsheet
  - Tabulated results for selected stages can be sent to an .xls file

Graphics   ( Top )

Data and results are displayed in graphical form either on the screen or in hard copy form on a wide range of printers. Graphical display of the data shows:

• Bending moment diagrams,

• Shear force diagrams,

• Wall pressure diagrams,

• Wall displacement diagrams.

Hot Keys   ( Top )

Special Hot Keys give instant access to Help facilities, Error reporting, Data plotting (during edit) and Summary output (during analysis).

Help   ( Top )

Help is provided at two levels:- Press F1 at any time for context sensitive help on data entry or current activity. Press Alt+H at any time to use the Help Index. Subjects covered include advice on the selection of values of earth pressure coefficients and soil modulus.

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